Cortical circuits consist of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These neurons have highly diverse morphologies. Even in the same cortical layer, the dendritic and axonal arbors of a given class of inhibitory interneurons, for example, have highly distinct structures. The functional specificity of the various types of cortical neurons is largely unclear. Here, by using electrophysiological recordings combined with two-photon calcium imaging in the in vivo mouse brain, we first characterized the response properties of different types of interneurons of the primary visual cortex in awake behaving mice, and then we analyzed the response properties of defined, single neurons during distinct cortical states. The results reveal that the response properties of the three major interneuron groups, that is, parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM) and 5-hydroxytryptamine3A receptor (5HT3aR) positive interneurons were distinctly different in terms of baseline firing rates, sensory stimulation-evoked firing rates, peak response latencies and orientation selectivity indices. Moreover, we identified a new class of 5HT3aR positive interneurons, which was characterized by a unique and highly distinct activity profile. Morphological analyses demonstrated that this is a new type of giant basket cell (GBC) of the mouse visual cortex, which receives synaptic input from cortical layers 1 and 2/3 and provides synaptic output through a huge axonal arbor exclusively to layer 2/3 neurons. The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that GBCs are positive not only for 5HT3aR but also for Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), Reelin and Cholecystokinin (CCK). We demonstrate that GBCs act as inhibitory hub cells that effectively control motions detection in L2/3 of awake animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the structural diversity of inhibitory interneurons is associated with highly distinct functional features. This functional diversity was not anticipated in previous studies and emphasizes the need for systematic structure-function analyses of neurons in awake, behaving animals.
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Cortical circuits consist of interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These neurons have highly diverse morphologies. Even in the same cortical layer, the dendritic and axonal arbors of a given class of inhibitory interneurons, for example, have highly distinct structures. The functional specificity of the various types of cortical neurons is largely unclear. Here, by using electrophysiological recordings combined with two-photon calcium imaging in the in vivo mouse brain, we first char...
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