In this thesis, the first, direct, single-shot measurement of the temporal substructure and the pulse duration of X-ray pulses at a free-electron laser is conducted. Simultaneously, the relative arrival time between the X-ray pulse and an optical laser pulse is determined. The measurement is achieved via angular streaking spectroscopy. The pulse characterization is obtained through a specially developed reconstruction algorithm. Further, a state-of-the-art attosecond beamline is designed and built up. At this facility, liquid water is being studied via attosecond streaking spectroscopy for the first time.
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In this thesis, the first, direct, single-shot measurement of the temporal substructure and the pulse duration of X-ray pulses at a free-electron laser is conducted. Simultaneously, the relative arrival time between the X-ray pulse and an optical laser pulse is determined. The measurement is achieved via angular streaking spectroscopy. The pulse characterization is obtained through a specially developed reconstruction algorithm. Further, a state-of-the-art attosecond beamline is designed and bui...
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