The reactivity of palladium complexes of carbocyclic cycloheptatrienylidene ligands (CHT) towards N-donor ligands and their catalytic activity in C-C- and C-N-coupling reactions was studied in this work. We were able to show that, unlike other donor molecules such as phosphines and acetonitrile, the reactions of N-donor molecules like pyridines, 1-methylimidazole and morpholine, with CHT-Pd complexes exhibit two different reaction pathways. The reaction of 3,5-lutidine and 3-chloropyridine with [Pd(CHT)X2]2 leads to binuclear halogen-bridged cycloheptatrienyl-Pd-complexes by attacking of N-donors on the cycloheptatrienylidene ligand. The η3-allylic complexes were characterized by single crystal XRD and they are cationic and water-soluble. The analogous reaction of the sterically hindered 2,6-lutidine leads to the cleavage of the halogen-bridged of binuclear cycloheptatrienyl complexes by the formation of mononuclear CHT-Pd complexes, which, in contrast to the structurally analogous phosphine-substituted CHT-Pd complexes exhibit a trans configuration. The pyridine-substituted CHT-Pd complexes characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractometry represent the first CHT analogues to the catalytically very interesting NHC-Pd-PEPPSI complexes. Expanding the reactivity investigations on 1-N-substituted imidazole as pyridine similar but less bulky N-donors show depending on the reaction conditions two reactions pathways: With an excess of N-methylimidazole binuclear CHT complexes react into water-soluble imidazole substituted Pd-cycloheptatrienyl complexes. In contrast, using an equimolar amount of N-methylimidazole a coordination of the N-donor at the palladium center was observed while forming the mononuclear and by single crystal X-ray diffractometry characterized carbene complex. It is comparable to the 2,6-lutidine substituted CHT complex. The observed inclusion of Pd0 in a dinuclear cycloheptatrienyl palladium complex opens an easy way to Pd3-sandwich compounds with N-donor-substituted cycloheptatrienyl-ligands, granting access to an interesting class of metal complexes. The reaction of the N-donor ligand morpholine with CHT complexes was studied to understand the catalytic effect of CHT-Pd complexes in Hartwig-Buchwald coupling reactions. In contrast to pyridine and imidazole derivatives the nucleophilic attack of the secondary amine on the carbocyclic carbene ligand leads to their complete elimination. According to the single crystal X-ray diffractometry the product is a salt consisting of a tetrabromopalladat anion and two tropylideneimmonium cations. Aside colloidal palladium occurs too, which could play a key role by using of CHT-Pd complexes in Hartwig-Buchwald coupling reaction. The CHT- and cycloheptatrienyl-Pd complexes, which are synthesized in this thesis are tested as catalysts in Suzuki-Miyaura, Hartwig-Buchwald and alpha-keto-arylation coupling reactions. Because of the solubility in water of the new substituted cycloheptatrienyl complexes those reactions could be performed also in water for the first time. However comparable NHC- or phosphine palladium complexes show better catalytic activities than our CHT complexes. The reactivity studies for the carbene ligands in CHT-Pd complexes towards nucleophilic reagents in this work throw light on the catalytic potential of such complexes in C-C- and C-N coupling reactions. By comparing of catalytic activities of CHT ligands with NHC-Pd complexes it is to consider that CHT ligands cannot act as supporting ligands like NHCs since they can be converted in η3-bonded allylic ligands or even eliminated in the presence of strong bases (K2CO3, Cs2CO3) or N-donors as solvent.
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The reactivity of palladium complexes of carbocyclic cycloheptatrienylidene ligands (CHT) towards N-donor ligands and their catalytic activity in C-C- and C-N-coupling reactions was studied in this work. We were able to show that, unlike other donor molecules such as phosphines and acetonitrile, the reactions of N-donor molecules like pyridines, 1-methylimidazole and morpholine, with CHT-Pd complexes exhibit two different reaction pathways. The reaction of 3,5-lutidine and 3-chloropyridine with...
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