Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive disease. Despite enormous advances in understanding molecular tumor biology, the overall survival of PDAC patients has remained unchanged for the last 20 years. This may be partially attributed to the fact that PDAC is a histopathologically-defined tumor entity with great heterogeneity – both on the clinical, the histological and the genetic levels. Here, a variety of molecular subtypes with distinctive tumor biologies seem to exist, but current therapies are applied without taking into account these putative differences. Hence, there is, firstly, a necessity to classify PDACs into clinically-relevant subtypes and, secondly, to make use of this knowledge by applying more personalized therapies. To this end, molecular subtypes with a clinical relevance were identified by the current study.
The HNF1 homeobox A (HNF1A) region is a novel PDAC susceptibility locus and melanoma inhibitory activity 2 (MIA2), a protein facilitating protein secretion, is an HNF1A target. In this study, a common germline variant of MIA2, MIA2I141M, that is associated with a secretory defect of the MIA2 protein was identified in PDAC cells. Components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) system, which are crucial for the secretory function of the pancreas, were widely expressed by pancreatic cancer cells. The interaction between the MIA2I141M variant and the ER stress/UPR system specified a molecular subtype of PDAC, which was associated with high expression of ER stress/UPR genes and cancer cell sensitivity to gemcitabine.
Using a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of pancreatic cancer (determined by pancreas-specific expression of oncogenic Kras), the Tsc1-Tsc2 complex was defined as the common gate-keeper of pancreatic exocrine malignancies. Over-activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) caused by pancreas-specific ablation of tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) resulted in pancreatic degeneration and concomitant induction of two negative feedback regulators: p53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten). Inactivation of Pten in the context of Tsc1 haploinsufficiency promoted the formation of pancreatic cystic lesions that rarely progressed into invasive tumors – most likely due to antitumor T cell immunity. Interestingly, inactivation of p53 in the context of Tsc1 haploinsufficiency did not significantly impact on pancreatic morphology; but isolated pancreatic epithelial cells from these animals unanimously displayed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) features and were surprisingly tumorigenic in nude mice. Furthermore, Tsc1 haploinsufficiency and KrasG12D expression induced aggressive PDACs characterized by anaplastic growth, large areas of tumor necrosis and wide-spread metastasis. Molecular characterization of isolated cancer cells uncovered that they released high amounts of Vegfa (vascular endothelial growth factor A), a potent angiogenic factor, however, they were not able to further boast their Vegfa secretion under hypoxic conditions due to hypoxia-induced ER stress. By combining the comprehensive phenotypic characterizations of the different mouse models and the expression analysis of isolated cell lines, an ALDH1A3-positive PDAC subtype was identified. Patients positive for this subtype lived significantly shorter than their negative counterparts and were less likely to benefit from the adjuvant/additive standard chemotherapy. Thus, alternative therapies should be specifically exploited for this particular PDAC subtype.
In conclusion, two major novel subtypes of PDAC were identified. Though both subtypes are associated with different tumor biologies, the underlying mechanisms are completely different.
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive disease. Despite enormous advances in understanding molecular tumor biology, the overall survival of PDAC patients has remained unchanged for the last 20 years. This may be partially attributed to the fact that PDAC is a histopathologically-defined tumor entity with great heterogeneity – both on the clinical, the histological and the genetic levels. Here, a variety of molecular subtypes with distinctive tumor biologies seem to ex...
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