Multifunctional materials, which unite different functionalities in the same phase, have attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to their rich physics and large variety of potential applications. In particular, the coupling of different functionalities paves the way to novel phenomena as well as enhanced and improved features in future engineered systems. In this field, the interaction of magnetic and dielectric degrees of freedom in magnetoelectric compounds is of particular interest, since they offer the possibility to control the magnetic state via local electric fields, which could be employed in non-volatile, low-power memory devices. This magnetoelectric interaction is expected to be particularly strong in systems which simultaneously exhibit both ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in the same phase, i.e., in so-called intrinsic magnetoelectric multiferroics. Unfortunately, these materials are scarce in nature. Attractive alternatives are composite material systems, in which ferromagnetic and ferroelectric compounds are artificially assembled. These structures, which are referred to as extrinsic multiferroic composite structures, enable large magnetoelectric effects at room temperature by exploiting the elastic coupling between the two ferroic constituents.
In this thesis, both concepts are quantitatively studied. In the first part, the physical properties of intrinsic multiferroic BiFeO3 and BiCrO3 thin films are discussed in detail. In particular, for the first time, indications of an enhanced magnetic moment and a strong magnetoelectric coupling at domain walls, separating areas with different electric surface potentials, are found experimentally in BiFeO3 thin films. In addition, detailed investigations of the multiferroic ground state of BiCrO3 thin films are carried out, revealing an antiferromagnetic and antiferroelectric ordering below around 145K. However, no indication for a cross-coupling between these order parameters is observed. Thus, BiCrO3 should be regarded as an intrinsic multiferroic compound without magnetoelectric interaction.
As discussed in detail in the first part of this thesis, a strong magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature is hardly achievable in intrinsic multiferroic materials, as the origin of the magnetic and dielectric order is largely independent in most intrinsic multiferroics. To improve this situation, the second part of this thesis deals with extrinsic composite structures consisting of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric layers, which are elastically coupled to one another. Two different approaches are considered. First, free standing ferromagnetic/ferroelectric hybrid structures using BaTiO3 as the ferroelectric layer are examined. In these hybrids, we detect reversible and irreversible changes of the magnetization for different temperatures as well as applied electric fields. Second, ferromagnetic/ferroelectric thin film heterostructures fabricated on adequate substrates are investigated, since, for applications, finite magnetoelectric effects in thin film heterostructures are desirable. Our measurements disclose that magnetoelectric effects are achievable even in extrinsic multiferroic heterostructures exhibiting elastic constraints due to the rigid substrate. This demonstrates that, in principle, strain-mediated extrinsic multiferroic composite structures are ready for application in new designed memory cells combining the best aspects of existing devices.
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Multifunctional materials, which unite different functionalities in the same phase, have attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to their rich physics and large variety of potential applications. In particular, the coupling of different functionalities paves the way to novel phenomena as well as enhanced and improved features in future engineered systems. In this field, the interaction of magnetic and dielectric degrees of freedom in magnetoelectric compounds is of particular interest,...
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