This thesis centers on the development of an innovative experimental instrument designed to study mass-selected hydrated cluster ions of atmospheric relevance. The setup enables detailed investigations of ion-induced nucleation at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on the evolution of size-dependent properties such as nucleation rates. By enabling the controlled generation and characterization of hydrated clusters, the instrument provides a platform for uncovering the mechanisms underlying atmospheric new particle formation (NPF).
Cluster ions are generated via electrospray ionization (ESI) under ambient conditions and introduced into vacuum through a custom-built atmospheric pressure interface (API). Two API configurations were developed. The first employs electrostatic elements, including a tube lens and two skimmers, to generate a strong pressure gradient while guiding the ions into high vacuum. The second configuration consists of a stacked ring ion guide (known as an S-lens) operating in radio frequency (RF-only) mode. This design was selected due to its robustness, ease of maintenance, and high ion transmission efficiency.
The ion beam is further confined by a flat quadrupole and a hexapole ion guide, which enable maximum ion transmission. Pressure is rapidly reduced through two exit lenses acting as differential pumping apertures. The ion beam is then deflected by 90° using an electrostatic bender, separating ions from neutral particles. A quadrupole mass filter (QMF) is employed to select ions of different sizes, ranging from single molecular ions to clusters. The selected ions are then guided through an octupole into a 24-electrode ring ion trap, which is mounted on a cryogenic cold head capable of maintaining temperatures between 20 K and 320 K. In the trap, ions are stored for a specific time, during which they are thermalized and undergo reactions with neutral molecules. The measurements are monitored by orthogonal reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ToF-MS).
Theoretical part of this work provides an overview of the electrospray ionization and the corresponding ion generation. The experimental section covers the design of the vacuum system, the development of mass spectrometry components and ion trajectory simulations. Detailed descriptions are provided for the installation and optimization of each subsystem for optimal ion beam stability and transmission. Special attention is given to the atmospheric pressure interfaces, including a comparative analysis of two configurations and the identification of the best operating conditions.
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This thesis centers on the development of an innovative experimental instrument designed to study mass-selected hydrated cluster ions of atmospheric relevance. The setup enables detailed investigations of ion-induced nucleation at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on the evolution of size-dependent properties such as nucleation rates. By enabling the controlled generation and characterization of hydrated clusters, the instrument provides a platform for uncovering the mechanisms under...
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