Peripheral nerve reconstruction is often associated with poor results, especially in case of excessive nerve trauma. The gold standard for bridging nerve lesions is the autologous nerve graft. This method, however, is beset with numerous drawbacks, such as loss of donor nerve function, additional operation time, neuroma formation, scarcity of suitable donor nerve material and often incomplete functional recovery. Today, artificial nerve conduits can be used as an alternative – but only for small nerve gaps since conventional conduits lack important cellular and extracellular guidance. In this study, a temporary guidance structure was provided by modifying autologous muscle tissue and combining it with a conventional collagen conduit. To evaluate the in vivo regenerative potential of such a tube, 14 mm sciatic nerve defects were surgically created in 24 Lewis rats and immediately reconstructed using one of the following methods: autograft; conventional bovine type I collagen tube and collagen tube filled with autologous denatured muscle tissue. Functional regeneration was continuously evaluated using footprint- and video gait analysis. After eight weeks, evaluation was complemented by electrophysiology, as well as qualitative and quantitative structural assessment of the nerve at different cross-sectional levels and the target muscle. As was expected, empty collagen tubes showed an incomplete nerve regeneration accross the large nerve gap in this animal model. Structurally and functionally, the autograft was superior to the other methods, with higher axon counts, a more normal gait pattern and less severe muscle atrophy. Potentially due to the myelin-producing effect of muscular laminin, significantly improved nerve fiber qualities were observed inside muscle-filled tubes. These qualities did, however, not help to improve functional recovery above the level of emtpy tubes. Based on structural and ultrastructural observations of the muscle tissue in vivo, we have to assume that an incomplete denaturation constituted a mechanical barrier for axonal outgrowth. Electrophysiological assessment failed to show a significant difference between the study groups, but recordings may have been impaired by abberant electrical signals recorded from the gastrocnemic muscle. In view of our findings, current denaturation processes are critically discussed since these methods can interfere with natural regeneration. An optimized denaturation process provided, improved functional recovery can be anticipated. In the future, new insights in the complex molecular pathways of the nervous system and proceedings in tissue- and genetic-engineering must be used to create more sophisticated conduits that have the potential to reconstruct excessive nerve damages.
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Peripheral nerve reconstruction is often associated with poor results, especially in case of excessive nerve trauma. The gold standard for bridging nerve lesions is the autologous nerve graft. This method, however, is beset with numerous drawbacks, such as loss of donor nerve function, additional operation time, neuroma formation, scarcity of suitable donor nerve material and often incomplete functional recovery. Today, artificial nerve conduits can be used as an alternative – but only for small...
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