Controlled nuclear fusion using the magnetic confinement concept of the tokamak is a promising candidate for future energy production. In the so-called H-mode, strong density and temperature gradients occur at the plasma edge, which in turn lead to plasma edge instabilities. Particularly important are the so-called type-I edge localized modes (ELMs), which appear at sufficiently large pressure gradients and transfer sufficient energy from the plasma center to the wall to damage future large fusion reactors. Fortunately, it has been possible to create H-mode-like regimes without type-I ELMs: the ELM-free regimes. Instead, the ELM-free scenarios are accompanied by so-called edge modes caused by edge instabilities. These edge modes are analyzed.
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Controlled nuclear fusion using the magnetic confinement concept of the tokamak is a promising candidate for future energy production. In the so-called H-mode, strong density and temperature gradients occur at the plasma edge, which in turn lead to plasma edge instabilities. Particularly important are the so-called type-I edge localized modes (ELMs), which appear at sufficiently large pressure gradients and transfer sufficient energy from the plasma center to the wall to damage future large fusi...
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