The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Communities demands the assessment of running waters by the use of biological quality components. The present work introduces an assessment system based on aquatic macrophytes, which can be applied to sites of running waters throughout Germany and which fulfills the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Macrophytes were mapped in the main period of vegetation (mid June to mid September) in the years 2000 and 2001. 262 sites at 202 rivers were studied. The surveys were carried out in ecologically homogenous sections of running waters. Abundances were estimated according to the five-point-scale established by KOHLER (1978). The ordinal values of the KOHLER-scale were transformed into quantitative values (quantities) for statistical purposes and calculations. The first part of the assessment system is a macrophyte-typology for river sites, which was developed by the use of hierarchical cluster analyses. Here, the development of the typology is based on macrophyte biocoenosis, theoretical considerations, and expert knowledge. River types are defined by ecoregion, channel width, water depth, current velocity, water hardness, and influence of groundwater. The typology results in seven types of running waters, four of which were integrated in the assessment system. The attempt to develop an assessment system for river sites based on helophytes proved unsuccessful, because biocoenoses of emergent water plants in running waters show a high degree of natural variability. Thus, an indication of structural degradations by using macrophytes was not possible. Therefore, submerged macrophytes (hydrophytes) were used to develop an ecological assessment system for river sites. For each river type, specific groups of ecologically similar taxa were categorized. Species group A contains taxa, which are dominant in reference sites and can therefore be called type specific. Taxa which occur mainly in polluted rivers were excluded. Species group B comprises ecologically indifferent species or taxa which indicate middle loads. Depending on the degradation of a river site, species of group B occur together with taxa from group A or C in varying proportions. Species group C contains indicators of disturbed river sites. These taxa occur mainly in degraded rivers and only rarely in reference sites. Deviation of a biocoenosis´ species composition and abundance compared to an unaffected reference site is obtained by calculation of the so called reference index. Additionally, biocoenotic parameters such as quantity of degradation indicators or evenness are used. Based on vegetation tables, type specific limiting values of the reference index were set according to the WFD. The results of the assessment are shown by five ecological quality classes (high good moderate poor bad), as required in the Water Framework Directive. In the last chapter of the present work several application examples are given, and correlations between the reference index and other limnological indicator systems are examined. Special attention is given to groundwater influenced rivers. Additionally, correlations between the reference index and the trophy of running waters are discussed. The suitability of macrophytes as bioindicators for ecological river quality is outlined. Typology, assessment system, and practicability of the methods are critically discussed. The assessment system combines scientific demands with the aims of applicability. It provides a good basis for the assessment of rivers by using macrophytes. The requirements of the European Water Framework Directive are thus fulfilled.
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The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Communities demands the assessment of running waters by the use of biological quality components. The present work introduces an assessment system based on aquatic macrophytes, which can be applied to sites of running waters throughout Germany and which fulfills the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Macrophytes were mapped in the main period of vegetation (mid June to mid September) in the years 2000 and 2001. 262 sites at 202 rive...
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