The main aims of this thesis were first to investigate the spreading of Sdh-mutated A. solani isolates in Germany and the possible impact of Sdh-mutations on SDHI-fungicide sensitivity and general fitness of mutated isolates. Second, I wanted to analyze the impact of climatic changes – rising temperatures and less rain – on early blight disease development and third I wanted to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma as possible Biological Control Agent (BCA) to contribute to a sustainable control of early blight in the future.
Climate change is currently one of the most important challenges to humankind. Hence, one of my goals was to assess the possible impact of rising temperatures on early blight infection. My data shows that higher temperatures can increase disease severity. The reasons for this need to be further analyzed. Besides temperature, the availability of free water on the leaves may be crucial for a successful infection of potato by A. solani. In vivo, I found a minimum leaf wetness duration of 8h to be sufficient for successful infection with the pathogen. The analysis of the weather data from 2016-2019 shows that there are still many days with at least 8h of leaf moisture in each year, especially because of dew during the night. In the framework of these studies, I also found out that A. solani strains from diverse alternative hosts and organs, can indeed infect potato plants as well, which needs to be considered when we think about field hygiene. To successfully control early blight, farmers often have to use fungicides. In the case of A. solani, the Succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitors are one of the most frequently used fungicide groups. Hence, the accumulation of mutants, which are less sensitive to SDHI-fungicides, is often the consequence of this extended use. In a general monitoring, I assessed the distribution of Sdh-mutated isolates over Germany between 2013 and 2016. In general, the amount of isolates with Sdh-mutations constantly increased over time with SdhB-H278Y and SdhC-H134R being the most frequently occurring mutations. In my working group, B. Adolf also detected a new target site mutation: SdhC-H134Q. In in vitro, in vivo and field trials I could show the negative impact of the presence of Sdh-mutated isolates on the efficacy of SDHI-fungicides. However, the tested SDHI-fungicides with different active ingredients significantly influenced the efficacy of disease control with and without inoculation with Sdh-mutated strains. To complement my studies with Sdh-mutations, I assessed the impact of some mutations on several fitness parameters: spore production capability, spore germination, mycelial growth, disease development in greenhouse, and toxin production. Overall, an advantage of Sdh-mutations was observed for mycelial growth and a disadvantage in disease severity in vivo. In addition, by trend higher toxin production was measured for Sdh-Wild type isolates. To find an alternative to chemical fungicides, I analyzed the use of Trichoderma spp. as BCA on three different scales: in vitro, in vivo, and in the field in four consecutive years. In all three stages, a partially significant efficacy of my tested Trichoderma strains was observed. Hence, these studies show the potential of Trichoderma spp. as a BCA against A. solani on potato.
Taken together, the innovation of early blight control in potato will gain importance in order to guard yield in times of global warming and rapidly developing fungicide resistance. I hope that this work can provide support for potato crop protection and make it more sustainable in the future.
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The main aims of this thesis were first to investigate the spreading of Sdh-mutated A. solani isolates in Germany and the possible impact of Sdh-mutations on SDHI-fungicide sensitivity and general fitness of mutated isolates. Second, I wanted to analyze the impact of climatic changes – rising temperatures and less rain – on early blight disease development and third I wanted to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma as possible Biological Control Agent (BCA) to contribute to a sustainable control...
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