Bacteriophages represent the most abundant viral entities across diverse ecosystems, and their association with microbiota plays a critical role in shaping microbial communities and dynamics. However, the extent to which bacteriophage composition is associated with microbial communities across ecosystems remains underexplored. This thesis delved into how microbiota complexity affects bacteriophage composition, diversity, and functional potential, thereby providing insight into the intricate interactions between microbiota and bacteriophages.
Two compositionally distinct habitats with contrasting microbiota complexity were examined: soil, including biocrusts and bare soil, and gnotobiotic murine models, including Oligo-mouse microbiota (12 bacterial species), reduced Altered Schaedler Flora (three bacterial species), and specific pathogen-free mice. By integrating metagenomic sequencing with bioinformatics analysis, bacteriophage and bacterial diversity were compared across gradients of microbiota complexity, compartmental activity (colon versus ileum and biocrusts versus bare soil), and hosts versus non-host environment.
The data revealed a proportional increase in bacteriophage richness along a gradient of microbiota, from low diversity murine gut microbiota to complex soil biocrust environment. Similarly, compartmental patterns were observed, with the colon exhibiting elevated levels of bacteriophage and bacterial diversity than the ileum. Biocrusts and bare soil demonstrated comparably high viral operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, with a slight increase in biocrusts. In addition, novel and site-specific bacteriophages were identified in both ecosystems, indicating a strong compartmentalization and spatial structuring. Taxonomic profiling revealed Class Caudoviricetes as the dominant bacteriophage lineage across all the studied niches, though with varying relative abundance. Microbial rich environments, especially the soil biocrusts and bare soil harbored additional bacteriophage lineages compared to the simplified murine models, suggesting diversification along bacterial diversity gradients. Host prediction analysis indicated that most of the identified bacteriophages were polyvalent, capable of infecting multiple bacterial hosts across ecological context, thereby facilitating genetic exchanges. Functional annotation revealed an increase in auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) with increasing microbiota complexity, from the murine gut to the soil. Most of the AMGs identified were linked to amino acid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism, underscoring the role of bacteriophage in horizontal gene transfer in enhancing bacterial metabolic processes and adaptability to different conditions. This work advances our understanding of bacteria - bacteriophage dynamics across ecological niches of varying microbial diversity and metabolic functions.
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Bacteriophages represent the most abundant viral entities across diverse ecosystems, and their association with microbiota plays a critical role in shaping microbial communities and dynamics. However, the extent to which bacteriophage composition is associated with microbial communities across ecosystems remains underexplored. This thesis delved into how microbiota complexity affects bacteriophage composition, diversity, and functional potential, thereby providing insight into the intricate inte...
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