In allergic inflammation, Th2-associated immune responses and their key mediators such as interleukin-4 and IL-13 play a central role. Under the influence of these type 2-specific immune mediators, epithelial cells of the upper and lower airways respond, for example, by regulating transcription factors and secreting other mediators that also affect the inflammatory process.
The aim of this cumulative habilitation thesis is to elucidate the mechanisms of impaired mucosal immunity in type 2 driven diseases of the airway lumen and epithelium. In particular, the identification of biomarkers associated with this aberrant immunity was aim of the studies. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory mechanisms induced by the causal therapeutic option of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) were studied.
The first part of this cumulative thesis shows in vitro disease-specific patterns of primary epithelial cells and ex vivo immune cells in the airway lumen of patients with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The second part of this thesis focuses on the therapeutic interaction and shows the modification of aberrant epithelial immunology by an AIT.
In this context, we first investigated the effect of prototypical mediators of Th1/Th2 effector cells on bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. For the first time, we identified an IL-4-dependent polarized transcriptome of epithelial cells and the subsequent secretion of mediators such as IL-24. This is based on an epithelial activation of transcription factors such as GATA3, which are normally found in type 2 responses in immune cells. This suggests an amplifying role of airway epithelial cells in the inflammatory process. We were able to validate a pathogenic Th2-associated signature of different secreted proteins in asthmatics in an ex vivo study in nasal secretions and supernatants of induced sputum, showing that the upper airways in this case mirror the pathophysiology in the lower airways. An inflammation continuum, as mapped by allergic mechanisms according to the "United Airways Hypothesis", may show different endotypes and be important for therapeutically relevant phenotypes. We were able to identify local analytes from upper and lower airway secretions for the presence of a local Th2 response and showed that IL-24 may be a possible marker for underlying asthma. To this end, in another paper, we demonstrated ex vivo that in allergic rhinitis and asthma, both local and peripheral, AIT treatment numerically and functionally re-induces the Treg population, while the frequencies of Th2 and Th9 cells as well as TGF-β levels were decreased during therapy. This result suggests that AIT induces a specific state of immunosuppression and that restoration of natural allergic tolerance does not occur during the first year of therapy.
In a study of disease- and therapy-related changes at the level of small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs), we observed that aberrant regulation also occurs at this level in the context of a Th2-dominated cytokine milieu, which is also reflected in altered ILC2 frequencies. We demonstrated that miR-3935 and its target mRNA, the EP3 receptor, are oppositely regulated. In the context of allergen immunotherapy, we evaluate increased expression of miR-3935 as tissue protective and decreased expression of the receptor as a surrogate for improvement of asthma. In this study, we demonstrated that sputum PGE2 levels correlate with pro-inflammatory cellular and clinical parameters and are lower in AIT-treated patients.
We also demonstrate the epithelial type 2 signature in an ex vivo study where we performed a transcriptome-wide investigation of these effects specifically in induced sputum and supernatants, considering immune cell entities. While proinflammatory mediators are reduced under AIT, an increase in the expression of potentially regulatory or anti-inflammatory mediators is observed in the airway epithelium. We identified secretoglobin1A1 as a potential anti-inflammatory indicator. This was induced by therapy, while the expression of pro-allergic Th2 mediators such as IL-24 was reduced. We were also able to show that other prototypical type 2 associated mediators of aberrant immunity and their cellular origin are sensitive to therapy in the induced sputum.
We followed the pro-allergic biomarkers we described in a long-term observational study of AIT over three years. These studies detected immune cells and mediators associated with type 2 immune responses, as well as anti-inflammatory regulatory T and B cell populations and their mediators. Changes in prototypical Th2-associated biomarker patterns, including regulation of misdirected immunity and reinduction of tolerogenic mediators and cell populations, were observed during both up-titration and maintenance treatment with subcutaneous grass AIT.
In summary, this thesis shows for the first time the underlying epithelial transcription factor networks in the aberrant mucosal immunity of the respiratory tract, which can largely be traced back to AIT as a causal therapy option. For the future, it remains to be clarified whether the mucosal barrier function that can be targeted by AIT as a causal therapeutic option can also be targeted by antibody-based therapeutic options to the same extent.
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In allergic inflammation, Th2-associated immune responses and their key mediators such as interleukin-4 and IL-13 play a central role. Under the influence of these type 2-specific immune mediators, epithelial cells of the upper and lower airways respond, for example, by regulating transcription factors and secreting other mediators that also affect the inflammatory process.
The aim of this cumulative habilitation thesis is to elucidate the mechanisms of impaired mucosal immunity in type 2 drive...
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