Freshwaters are amongst the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. For the elaboration of conservation management concepts, an understanding of ecosystem functioning is crucial. In research of headwater stream ecosystems, one of the biggest knowledge gaps is the riverine interface between open water and groundwater – the interstitial zone. The latter is an important habitat for different species (invertebrates, vertebrates) and their life stages (egg development, larvae, adult organisms). Nevertheless, processes between free flowing and interstitial water as well as interactions between species of different taxonomic levels (from microbes to vertebrates) in dependence of abiotic habitat properties are understudied.
Therefore, this thesis elucidates processes and interactions taking place in the stream interstitial zone. Different organisms inhabiting the interstitial zone were investigated in regard to their effects on physical and chemical habitat properties (oxygen saturation and concentration, redox potential, pH, electric conductivity, concentration of Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, HPO42-, SO42-, F-, Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) as well as bacterial community composition. In a first step, a standardized microcosm laboratory experiment was established. Therefore, substrate-filled plastic boxes which were equipped with redox electrodes and valves to take samples from interstitial water. These boxes were set under constant water flow and stocked with test animals. Functionally different burrowing invertebrates (mayfly nymphs, duck mussels and tubificid worms) were compared in regard to their effects on abiotic habitat properties and microbial community composition. The effects on physico-chemical properties and microbial community composition were also investigated for burrowing vertebrates (lamprey larvae) in comparison to a control without animals in a second step. Moreover, the complex relationship of the presence and absence of invasive and indigenous amphipods on leaf litter decomposition, abiotic habitat properties and microbiota was studied in a third step.
Invertebrate bioturbators from variable functional groups caused microhabitats with distinct physico-chemical properties (e. g. high oxygen availability in presence of mussels, low oxygen availability in presence of tubificid worms) and therefore differences in bacterial community composition (many aerobe bacteria in the mussel treatment, many anaerobe bacteria in the tubificid worm treatment). Lamprey larvae as vertebrate bioturbators caused big burrows and consequently a strong increase in interstitial oxygen availability followed by a shift in microbial community composition dominated by aerobe bacteria. Pronounced effects in feeding rate (much lower) and a shift in bacterial community composition at the substratum surface were detected in the invasive amphipod treatment compared to the native amphipods. The replacement of indigenous by invasive species caused a shift in organic matter processing with potential alterations in nutrient cycling and therefore in interstitial food web structure.
Vertebrate and invertebrate bioturbators caused strong effects, partly in different directions as revealed by shifts in bacterial community composition. In further studies the interactions of different species in the same microcosms should be investigated. As a loss or replacement of functionally indispensable species potentially results in a deterioration of ecosystem services provided by the interstitial zone (e.g., organic matter processing, nutrient cycling, filter function) it is also important to research effects of other invasive species that inhabit the interstitial zone or have an impact on it in another way (i.e. spawning behaviour). The findings of the present study highlighted the importance of ecosystem services provided by the interstitial zone, which should be taken into account in conservation concepts and hydraulic engineering plans.
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Freshwaters are amongst the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. For the elaboration of conservation management concepts, an understanding of ecosystem functioning is crucial. In research of headwater stream ecosystems, one of the biggest knowledge gaps is the riverine interface between open water and groundwater – the interstitial zone. The latter is an important habitat for different species (invertebrates, vertebrates) and their life stages (egg development, larvae, adult organisms). Neverth...
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