At the beginning of the 20th century brown bears were extirpated on almost the whole Alpine arch. Only a small population survived in Western Trentino, Italy. Since 1992 there is an increasing number of immigrating bears from Slovenia into the Alps. In 2000 about 30-40 bears were estimated to live in the Austrian and Italian Alps and an additional 50 in the alpine parts of Slovenia. Because no introduction are planned in Austria, the successful natural expansion of the Slovenian brown bear population is the key factor for bear recovery in the Alps. Metapopulation or source-sink theory offer a theoretical frame work to estimate the further expansion of bears in the Alps. However, both theories base on dispersal patterns which are largely unknown and therefore predictions derived from these theories are questionable. To determine dispersal patterns and estimate brown bear population expansion I used three steps: (1) I studied the habitat use of bears in Slovenia and extrapolated the results onto the whole Eastern Alps. On this basis I estimated population expansion using a CostDistance model. (2) I analyzed the spatial patterns of dispersing bears under the following assumption: dispersal is a directed movement away from the natal home range. To test this assumption I compared the observed movements of individual bears with random walks. (3) In the final step I parameterized a spatially explicit and individual-based simulation model with these results and studied the individual movement and population expansion patterns spatially explicit. The result of the (1) habitat and expansion model was that forest cover and fragmentation are the only relevant factors influencing the habitat use of brown bears in Slovenia. Human infrastructure like roads, highways, settlements, or single houses had no additional influence. The most suitable areas for bears in the Eastern Alps are the Dinaric Mountains in Slovenia and Croatia, the northeastern part of the Austrian Alps, and the area along the Austrian-German border. In the Italian Alps there are suitable areas, too. With the exception of Western Trentino, all areas are interconnected. Analysis of the (2) spatial movement patterns revealed that the observed movement cannot be distinguished from random walks. This result opposed the accepted theory of directed movements away from the natal home range. The (3) spatially explicit simulation model produced spatial distribution patterns that corresponded well with observed bear distribution in the Eastern Alps, however the time frame was longer for the simulations. The spatially explicit analysis of individual bears showed that the movements for six out of seven dispersing bears did not differ from random walks, whereas one bear showed directed movements. The longer time frame of the simulated as compared to the observed bear expansion also suggests that a certain proportion of bears shows directed dispersal. The fit of the habitat model is remarkably high, making it a suitable tool to evaluate bear habitat in other, comparable landscapes. In addition, the CostDistance model resulted in a realistic picture of the expansion pattern of bears in Austria. The results of the spatial movement analysis contradict the theoretical expectations. Directed movements seem to be an exception. Bear conservation in Austria and Italy will be dependent on bear management in Slovenia and Croatia for a long time. Therefore bear conservation in the Eastern Alps needs to be addressed in form of a large scale collaboration of the responsible agencies and NGOs in Austria, Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia. Although it is unlikely that bears will reach Germany within the next years, the possibility can not be completely excluded.
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At the beginning of the 20th century brown bears were extirpated on almost the whole Alpine arch. Only a small population survived in Western Trentino, Italy. Since 1992 there is an increasing number of immigrating bears from Slovenia into the Alps. In 2000 about 30-40 bears were estimated to live in the Austrian and Italian Alps and an additional 50 in the alpine parts of Slovenia. Because no introduction are planned in Austria, the successful natural expansion of the Slovenian brown bear popul...
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