In the Bloch sphere picture, one finds the coefficients for expanding a single-qubit density operator in terms of the identity and Pauli matrices. A generalization to n qubits via tensor products represents a density operator by a real vector of length 4 n , conceptually similar to a statevector. Here, we study this approach for the purpose of quantum circuit simulation, including noise processes. The tensor structure leads to computationally efficient algorithms for applying circuit gates and performing few-qubit quantum operations. In view of variational circuit optimization, we study “backpropagation” through a quantum circuit and gradient computation based on this representation, and generalize our analysis to the Lindblad equation for modeling the (non-unitary) time evolution of a density operator.     «

In the Bloch sphere picture, one finds the coefficients for expanding a single-qubit density operator in terms of the identity and Pauli matrices. A generalization to n qubits via tensor products represents a density operator by a real vector of length 4 n , conceptually similar to a statevector. Here, we study this approach for the purpose of quantum circuit simulation, including noise processes. The tensor structure leads to computationally efficient algorithms for applying circuit gates and...     »