Machine learning approaches often lack safety guarantees, which are often a key requirement in real-world tasks. This paper addresses the lack of safety guarantees by extending reinforcement learning with a safety layer that restricts the action space to the subspace of safe actions. We demonstrate the proposed approach using lane changing in autonomous driving. To distinguish safe actions from unsafe ones, we compare planned motions with the set of possible occupancies of traffic participants generated by set-based predictions. In situations where no safe action exists, a verified fail-safe controller is executed. We used real-world highway traffic data to train and test the proposed approach. The evaluation result shows that the proposed approach trains agents that do not cause collisions during training and deployment.     «

Machine learning approaches often lack safety guarantees, which are often a key requirement in real-world tasks. This paper addresses the lack of safety guarantees by extending reinforcement learning with a safety layer that restricts the action space to the subspace of safe actions. We demonstrate the proposed approach using lane changing in autonomous driving. To distinguish safe actions from unsafe ones, we compare planned motions with the set of possible occupancies of traffic participant...     »