This article investigates the causal relationship between the number of biological children and mental health of elderly Europeans. Speci fically, we ask whether additional children improve or threaten parents' mental health status. Ouridenti cation draws on two natural experiments that exogenouslyincrease the number of children: multiple births and the sex composition of the fi rst two children. This setup allows us to identify the e ffect of expected and desired and unexpected additional children on mental health. Using a large and extensive survey of elderly Europeans, we fi nd that additionalchildren can exert a negative causal e ffect on mental health of females namely on the likelihood of depression and the use of antidepressant drugs. There is no evidence for a causal eff ect of having additional children on the probability to suff er from depression for elder men.     «

This article investigates the causal relationship between the number of biological children and mental health of elderly Europeans. Speci fically, we ask whether additional children improve or threaten parents' mental health status. Ouridenti cation draws on two natural experiments that exogenouslyincrease the number of children: multiple births and the sex composition of the fi rst two children. This setup allows us to identify the e ffect of expected and desired and unexpected additional child...     »