The data presented in this thesis deal with method development in different areas and furthermore novel biological insights into protease biology of BACE1 and ADAM10 with regard to Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing and beyond APP processing.
First of all within the scope of my thesis, the identity of α-secretase should be de-termined. α-secretase promotes anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP cleaving within the amyloid β domain of APP which leads to the liberations of the APPsα ectodomain. However, the identity of α-secretase has been controversially discussed in the last decade. Several candidates like ADAM9, ADAM10 and ADAM17 as well as compensation among these proteases have been proposed which resulted from technical limitations like RNAi off-target effects, studied cellular system or embryonic lethality of a gene knockout like in case for ADAM10. The results presented in this thesis clearly proof that ADAM10 is the sole long-thought APP α-secretase in primary cortical neu-rons while ADAM9 and ADAM17 do not seem to play no role in APPsα generation in primary cortical neurons. Additionally, loss of APPsα processing upon ADAM10 knock-down or knockout is not compensated by other metalloproteases. These results put an end to the long discussion about APP α-secretase identity. Additionally, constitutively active ADAM10 does not to compete with β-secretase for APP as a substrate. However, ADAM10 activation has been considered a viable strategy to promote anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP and thus preventing Aβ generation. For this reason, pinpointing the identity of alpha secretase to ADAM10 is valuable information for the future development of alpha secretase modulating drugs.
Within the scope of my thesis I developed novel lentiviral vectors which can be used for the efficient expression of toxic and membrane transgenes in any desired cell type. These viral transfer responder vectors show no expression of the gene of interest in the producer cells due to a translational block and a silent promoter. Upon cotransduction with a transcriptional activator in the target cells strong and robust expression is achieved by the responder vector. This system allowed the expression of APP-TEV-FLAG which in the end allowed the determination of APP ADAM10 cleavage site via MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Furthermore, this lentiviral overexpression system will enable the study of membrane protein interactions, trafficking and other biological processes in primary cells like for example neurons.
The knowledge of BACE1 protease biology beyond APP processing is rather marginal. The lack of knowledge of BACE1 substrates stemmed mainly from technical limi-tations. Meanwhile, mass spectrometry-driven proteomics are a serious alternative to classical analysis techniques for the identification of protease substrates. However, mass spectrometry is not selective during the measurement process which comprises peptide ionization and their measurement. Hence, abundant proteins are more prone to be detected than sparse proteins. For example glycoproteins are less abundant than cytosolic proteins. To make these proteins more visible to mass spectrometry based detection specific glycoprotein enrichment methods are required. Hence, I developed the Secretome protein enrichment with click sugars (SPECS) method which is based on metabolic labeling of glycoproteins with azido sugars and their subsequent biotinylation via a strain promoted 2+3 cycloaddition. Both enables exclusive purification of de novo synthesized cellular glycoproteins in the presence of serum. This in the end enabled the qualitative identification of the neuronal secretome with 283 glycoproteins which could be robustly detected in five biological replicates. This list is a resource for researchers which are interested in studying secreted or shedded extracellular proteins to study signaling, proteolytic processing of surface membrane proteins or extracellular matrix interactions. Furthermore, quantitatively comparing two experimental conditions of neurons either treated with the BACE1 inhibitor C3 or DMSO as a solvent control via mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 34 novel putative BACE1 substrates. Among these 34 BACE1 substrates the known substrates APP, APLP1 and APLP2 could be found which already validated the technique. Besides the known BACE1 substrates, out of 34 putative new BACE1 substrates the four novel substrates Sez6, L1, CHL1 and Contactin-2 could be confirmed in C3 treated neurons and in homogenates of BACE1 knockout brains via Western Blot. The quantified Western blot results were in accordance with the quantitative measurements of the SPECS method which shows the quantitative accuracy of the SPECS method. Finally, purification and identification of the HEK293T secretome exemplifies that the SPECS method is not restricted to neurons but can also be extended to different kind of cell lines or even tissues.
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The data presented in this thesis deal with method development in different areas and furthermore novel biological insights into protease biology of BACE1 and ADAM10 with regard to Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing and beyond APP processing.
First of all within the scope of my thesis, the identity of α-secretase should be de-termined. α-secretase promotes anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP cleaving within the amyloid β domain of APP which leads to the liberations of the APPsα ectodom...
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