A sudden change in dynamics produces large errors leading to increases in muscle co-contraction and feedback gains during early adaptation. We previously proposed that internal model uncertainty drives these changes, whereby the sensorimotor system reacts to the change in dynamics by upregulating stiffness and feedback gains to reduce the effect of model errors. However, these feedback gain increases have also been suggested to represent part of the adaptation mechanism. Here, we investigate this by examining changes in visuomotor feedback gains during gradual or abrupt force field adaptation. Participants grasped a robotic manipulandum and reached while a curl force field was introduced gradually or abruptly. Abrupt introduction of dynamics elicited large initial increases in kinematic error, muscle co-contraction and visuomotor feedback gains, while gradual introduction showed little initial change in these measures despite evidence of adaptation. After adaptation had plateaued, there was a change in the co-contraction and visuomotor feedback gains relative to null field movements, but no differences between the abrupt and gradual introduction of dynamics. This suggests that the initial increase in feedback gains is not part of the adaptation process, but instead an automatic reactive response to internal model uncertainty. In contrast, the final level of feedback gains is a predictive tuning of the feedback gains to the external dynamics as part of the internal model adaptation. Together, the reactive and predictive feedback gains explain the wide variety of previous experimental results of feedback changes during adaptation.      «

A sudden change in dynamics produces large errors leading to increases in muscle co-contraction and feedback gains during early adaptation. We previously proposed that internal model uncertainty drives these changes, whereby the sensorimotor system reacts to the change in dynamics by upregulating stiffness and feedback gains to reduce the effect of model errors. However, these feedback gain increases have also been suggested to represent part of the adaptation mechanism. Here, we investigate thi...     »