Heart transplantation is currently the treatment of first choice in patients with end-stage refractory heart failure. But already the demand for donor organs cannot be met, and patients face long waiting times for transplantation. In the future waiting times will become even longer as life expectancy increases and the number of heart-failure patients requiring transplantation grows. Consequently, in view of the poor prognosis of the disease in its advanced stages, alternatives to heart transplantation are increasingly gaining importance. In recent years new innovative treatment methods and techniques have been developed which have already proved clinically successful in patients with end-stage heart failure, especially as bridging measures. Some of these techniques appear suitable for long-term use and could therefore serve as an alternative to heart transplantation in some patients. Interesting new avenues of research may even lead to cardiac cell replacement therapies in the future. These approaches are currently undergoing initial clinical trials. This report presents surgical and cardiologic treatments for end-stage heart failure that have already been clinically investigated as well as techniques that are still in the preclinical stage and discusses their potential as alternatives to heart transplantation.     «

Heart transplantation is currently the treatment of first choice in patients with end-stage refractory heart failure. But already the demand for donor organs cannot be met, and patients face long waiting times for transplantation. In the future waiting times will become even longer as life expectancy increases and the number of heart-failure patients requiring transplantation grows. Consequently, in view of the poor prognosis of the disease in its advanced stages, alternatives to heart transplan...     »