In the case of a hybrid vehicle, two drive units are available to propel the vehicle. In order to maximize efficiency, the control strategy has to adjust the power of the two energy storage devices in each time step in such a way that optimal efficiency is achieved for a driven cycle. If the cycle is not known, the drives have to be coordinated on the basis of a fixed parameterization. If, however, the strategy has predictive information, the operation point selection can be optimized. In this article, the local optimal equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is compared with the respective global optimal control strategy (GOCS) in both WLTP and customer operation. The method for determining the global optimum is explained. Hybridization with an internal combustion engine (ICE) and a fuel cell (FC) as well as with and without plug-in capability are considered. Zero emission zones (ZEZ) also play an important role in the context of prediction. In this case, vehicles with ICE are forced to operate electrically. In fact, the forced electric drive is a constraint for the optimization, which can have a negative impact on CO2 emissions. That impact is quantified using the mentioned customer cycle.     «

In the case of a hybrid vehicle, two drive units are available to propel the vehicle. In order to maximize efficiency, the control strategy has to adjust the power of the two energy storage devices in each time step in such a way that optimal efficiency is achieved for a driven cycle. If the cycle is not known, the drives have to be coordinated on the basis of a fixed parameterization. If, however, the strategy has predictive information, the operation point selection can be optimized. In this a...     »