The habit of khat chewing has been associated with increased risk of systemic and oral disease. Although research has been conducted on the affects of khat on oral epithelial cells, little is known about its influence on immune cells. This study examined the biological effects of khat on the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Khat-stimulated PBMCs were examined for signs of cytotoxicity, apoptosis and changes in cell surface receptor and cytokine expression. Khat-induced regulation of transcription factors and stress-related factors were examined, as was PBMC phagocytic activity against oral bacteria.Khat was cytotoxic to PBMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner and cell death was mediated by apoptosis. Khat-treated PBMC showed increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and MHC II) and pattern recognition receptors (TLR-2, TLR-4 and TREM-1) but secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF?, IL-6, CCL5, CXCL8) was inhibited. In contrast, khat induced an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as IL-2, IFN-?, FasL and HSP70. These khat-induced alterations were accompanied by increased expression of transcription factors p38 MAPK and HIF-1?, whilst expression of NF?B p65 was inhibited. Although the ability of PBMC to phagocytose dextran and oral bacteria was inhibited, production of reactive oxygen species was increased.These data suggest that khat may severely influence the effectiveness of immune surveillance and anti-microbial capacity of PBMCs.     «

The habit of khat chewing has been associated with increased risk of systemic and oral disease. Although research has been conducted on the affects of khat on oral epithelial cells, little is known about its influence on immune cells. This study examined the biological effects of khat on the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Khat-stimulated PBMCs were examined for signs of cytotoxicity, apoptosis and changes in cell surface receptor and cytokine expression. Kha...     »