A continuous adjoint formulation is used to determine an optimal airfoil shape which has the least drag coefficient between Re = 10, 000 and 20, 000. An approach derived from concepts of robust design is employed for this purpose. A finite element method based on streamline-upwind Petrov/Galerkin (SUPG) and pressure stabilized Petrov/Galerkin (PSPG) stabilizations is used to solve both the flow and adjoint equations. The airfoil is parametrized via a Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) curve. The objective function is formulated on the basis of time-averaged drag coefficients. The objective function leads to a shape which is close to the NACA 0012 airfoil but has upto 20% lesser drag. L-BFGS algorithm is used as the optimizer in the present study.     «

A continuous adjoint formulation is used to determine an optimal airfoil shape which has the least drag coefficient between Re = 10, 000 and 20, 000. An approach derived from concepts of robust design is employed for this purpose. A finite element method based on streamline-upwind Petrov/Galerkin (SUPG) and pressure stabilized Petrov/Galerkin (PSPG) stabilizations is used to solve both the flow and adjoint equations. The airfoil is parametrized via a Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS)...     »